| CHAPTER 1. CRIME AND CRIMINOLOGY.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
What is a Scientific Theory?
CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY
EVALUATING THEORY
Empirical Evidence
Demonstrating Cause and Effect
Experimental Designs
Non-experimental Designs
CLASSIFYING THEORIES OF CRIME
Sutherlands’ Typology
Macro and Micro Level Explanations
Academic Disciplines and Theoretical Traditions
THE ORIGINS OF CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY
The Classical School of Crime
The Positive School of Crime
The Classical and Positive School — Where Do We Stand Now?
LINKAGE BETWEEN THEORY AND POLICY
Intensive Supervision
Community Policing
Cullen's Theory of Social Support and Crime
LIMITATIONS OF CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Example: Studies of Felony Probation
Example: Experiments on the Impact of Mandatory Arrest in Domestic Violence
Cases
THEORY VERSUS STREETWISE CRIMINOLOGY
CRIME AS A NORMAL PHENOMENON
SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO STUDY CRIME
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 2. THE INCIDENCE OF CRIME.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
UNIFORM CRIME REPORT (UCR)
Limitations of the UCR
THE NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM (NIBRS)
Attributes of Victimization Patterns, 2003
Categories of Victims and Victimization
Intimate Partner Violence, 1993-2001
Violent Victimization of College Students, 1995-2000
School Crime and Safety
Violence in the Workplace, 1993-1999
Limitations of the NCVS
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM STATISTICS
Jail Population
Prison Population
Probation and Parole Figures
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 3. NEO-CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
THE RISE OF NEOCLASSICAL THEORY
DETERRENCE THEORY
Empirical Tests of Deterrence Theory
General Deterrence
Specific Deterrence
A Note on Celerity
Summary of Deterrence Theory
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
Cornish and Clark’s Rational Choice Theory
A Rational Choice Model for Burglary
Criticisms of Rational Choice Theory
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY AND THE LIFESTYLE APPROACH
Routine Activities Theory
The Lifestyle Approach
Policy Implications: Situational Crime Prevention
SUMMARY OF NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 4. BIOLOGY AND CRIME.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
EARLY BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Further Study of Physical “Deficiencies”
Sheldon's Somatotype Theory
The XYY “Supermale”
The Policy Implications and Legacy of Early Biological Research
BEHAVIORAL GENETICS
Family Studies
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Molecular Genetics and the Human Genome Project
BIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CRIME
Neurological Studies
The Autonomic Nervous System
Biological Harms
Perinatal Risk and Birth Complications
Lead Exposure
Nutrition, Diet and Crime
Hormonal Influences
BIOSOCIAL THEORY
Moffitt’s Theory of Life Course Persistent Offending
Eysenck’s Biosocial Theory
A Biosocial Explanation of Female Delinquency
SOCIOBIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATIONS
An Evolutionary Perspective on Rape and Sexual Assault
Cads and Dads
A Critique of Evolutionary Theory
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 5. PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Freudian Explanations of Delinquency
Policy Implications of Freudian Theory
BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY
Principles of Learning
Policy Implications of Behaviorism
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Cognitive Structure
Cognitive Content
Policy Implications of Cognitive Psychology—Cognitive-Behavioral Programs
PERSONALITY AND CRIME
Personality Traits and Crime
Criminal Personality: The Psychopath
Policy Implications of Personality Theory
INTELLIGENCE AND CRIME
A Brief History of Intelligence Testing
IQ and Crime
Policy Implications of the IQ-Crime Relationship
Summary of IQ and Crime
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 6. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND CRIME.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
EMILE DURKHEIM AND CRIME
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL ECOLOGY
Early Social Ecology: Concentric Zone Theory
Social Disorganization Theory
Race, Place, and Poverty: The Underclass
Stark’s “Deviant Places” Theory
“Hot Spots” of Criminal Behavior
Policy Implications Social Ecology and Social Disorganization
THE STRAIN/ANOMIE THEORETICAL TRADITION
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
Critique of Anomie Theory
General Strain Theory
Institutional Anomie Theory
Policy Implications of Anomie and Strain Theories
SUBCULTURAL EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME
Cohen: Status Frustration and Reaction Formation
Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity
Miller: Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
A General Critique of Subcultural Explanations
Policy Implications of Subcultural Theories
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 7. SOCIAL PROCESS AND CRIME.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION AND SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Tarde's Law of Imitation
Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association
From Differential Association to Social Learning
Policy Implications: Social Learning Theory
INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
Three Types of Informal Social Control
Early Control Theory: Walter Reckless and “Containment”
Hirschi's Social Bond Theory
Religion as a Source of Indirect Control.
Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime
An Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control
What’s Love Got to do With It? Social Support and Altruism
Policy Implications for Theories of Informal Social Control
Can’t We All Just Get Along? Social Control, Social Learning, and
Behaviorism
LABELING THEORY
The Roots of the Labeling Perspective
Putting the Pieces Together—The Labeling Process
Critique of Labeling Theory
Policy Implications of Labeling Theory
Extensions of Labeling Theory
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 8. SOCIAL CONFLICT AND CRIME.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
CONFLICT THEORY
Conflict Theory and the Law
Conflict Theory and the Criminal Justice System
Research on Race and Criminal Justice Processing
Race and the War on Drugs
Capital Sentencing and Race
Conflict Theory as an Explanation of Criminal Behavior
Critique of Conflict Theory
RADICAL CRIMINOLOGY
Karl Marx and Crime
Engels and Social Revolution
Bonger and Egoistic Capitalism
Rusche and Kirchheimer and Penal Systems
Richard Quinney: Class, Crime, and State
Radical Explanations of the Law and Criminal Justice System
Historical Support for Marxist Criminology
A Radical Critique of “Traditional” Criminologists
Critique of Radical Criminology
Extensions of Radical Criminology
British (“Left”) Realism
Elliot Currie: The United States as a “Market Society.”
Criminology as Peacemaking
FEMINIST CRIMINOLOGY
The Gender Ratio
The Generalizability Issue
Gender and the Criminal Justice System
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
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CHAPTER 9. CRIME AND CRIMINAL CAREERS.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
CRIME OVER THE LIFE COURSE
CASE STUDIES OF CRIMINAL CAREERS
The Professional Thief
The Professional Fence
Fraud Masters and Stoopers
A CAREER CRIMINAL TYPOLOGY
A Typology of Criminal Behavior
COHORT RESEARCH
The Philadelphia Birth Cohort Studies
The 1945 Birth Cohort
The 1958 Birth Cohort
The Racine Birth Cohort Studies
The Cambridge (UK) Study of Delinquent Development
The Violent Juvenile Offender
Research Findings from the National Youth Survey
Recommendations
Career Patterns in Crime
The Federal Armed Career Criminal Study
The Rand Corporation Habitual Offender Research
THE CRIMINAL CAREERS OF WOMEN
The Crime Patterns of Females
Females in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort
Females the Racine Birth Cohorts
Patterns in Female Criminality
THE EFFECT OF POLICIES FOR CAREER CRIMINALS
Repeat Offender Programs (ROP)
“Three Strikes” Laws
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 10. CRIMES OF VIOLENCE IN THE UNITED STATES.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Nature or Nurture?
Society and Violence
Subculture of Violence
A Model of Personal Violence
Firearms and Crime
ROBBERY
Characteristics of Robbery and Robbers
Victims of Robbery
ASSAULT
Social Core Variables of Assault
Victims of Assault
HOMICIDE
Definitions of Homicide
Statistics on Murder
Weapons in Homicide
Offender Characteristics
Victims of Homicide
RAPE
Victims of Rape
Characteristics of Rape and Rapists
Typology of Rapists
Date Rape
Date Rape Drug
Treatment of the Rapists
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 11. EMERGING FORMS OF VIOLENCE.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
FAMILY VIOLENCE
Spouse Abuse
Child Abuse
PEDOPHILIA
Characteristics of Pedophiles
Characteristics of Victims
Organizations Promoting Pedophilia
Treatment of Pedophiles
HATE CRIMES
Ku Klux Klan
Identity Churches
Skinheads
TERRORISM
Incidence of Terrorism
The Future of Terrorism
STALKING
Cyberstalking
What Can Be Done?
MULTICIDE
Mass Murder
Characteristics of Mass Murderers
Typology of Mass Murderers
Serial Murder
Characteristics of Serial Killers
A Typology of Serial Murderers
SATANIC AND RITUALISTIC CRIMES
Satanism
Satanic Belief System
Levels of Satanic Involvement
A Typology of Satanic and Ritualistic Involvement
The Santeria
Palo Mayombe
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 12. PROPERTY CRIMES.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
BURGLARY
Characteristics of Burglaries and Burglars
Characteristics of Victims
ARSON
LARCENY AND THEFT
Characteristics of Larceny and Theft
Offender Characteristics
SHOPLIFTING
Types of Shoplifters
Response to Shoplifting
FORGERY
Common Types of Forgery
Medical Prescriptions
Checks
Combating Forgery
CREDIT CARD FRAUD
Characteristics of Credit Card Fraud
Combating Credit Card Fraud
CONFIDENCE GAMES
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 13. PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
GAMBLING
Characteristics of Gambling
Compulsive Gamblers
Gamblers and the Law
HOMOSEXUALITY
Characteristics of Homosexuality
Homosexuality and the Law
PROSTITUTION
Characteristics of Prostitution and Prostitutes
Types of Prostitution
Houses of Prostitution
Massage Parlors
Rap Session Booth
Call Girls
The Future of Prostitution
Obscene Phone Calls
Obscene Phone Callers
Obscene Phone Messages
PORNOGRAPHY
Controlling the Sex Industry
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 14. DRUGS AND CRIME.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
THE INCIDENCE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG OFFENDERS
The Relationship Between Drugs and Crime
The Goldstein Model
Women, Drug Abuse, and Crime
Delinquency and Drug Abuse
The Impact of Treatment
The Economics of Drugs and Crime
LEGALIZATION OF DRUGS
Arguments in Favor of Legalization
Arguments Against Legalization
THE WAR ON DRUGS
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 15. CRIMES OF THE POWERFUL.
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
ORGANIZED CRIME
The Mafia: “La Cosa Nostra”
The Alien Conspiracy Model
Key Components
The Local, Ethnic Group Model
Similarities Between Organized Crime and Legitimate Business
Law Enforcement Methods to Combat Organized Crime
Headhunting: The RICO Statute
Fortune Magazine’s “Top 50 Mafia Bosses”
Russian Organized Crime
WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
Characteristics of White-Collar Crime
The Sutherland Definition of White-Collar Crime
Expanded Definitions of White-Collar Crime
Occupational Crime
Corporate Crime
Ford Pinto Scandal
Savings and Loan Scandal
The Criminal Careers of Corporations
The Enron Scandal
The Careers of Individual White-Collar Criminals
Decisions to Prosecute White-Collar Criminals
Sentencing White-Collar Criminals
Sentencing Rationales
Shaming
Severity of Sentencing
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS
CHAPTER 16. THE FUTURE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND CRIMINOLOGY
CHAPTER PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION
THE POLITICS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICYMAKING:
LEFT VERSUS RIGHT
THE CHANGING CHARACTER OF CRIME
POLICING IN THE FUTURE
Compstat
CHANGES IN CORRECTIONS
THE UTILITY OF CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY
PROMISING TRENDS IN CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY
Demise of the Criminological Imagination?
Gottfredson and Hirschi's: General Theory of Crime
Criminology as Peacemaking
Coercion and Social Support: An Example of Integrative Theory
Hawkins and Catalano: The Social Development Model
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS |
